But what is “recovery time” more so than time to reverse the muscle breakdown that occurred during workout? Can no supplement minimize recovery time?
You are mixing several issues. Delayed transfromation and adaption are not the same thing. There are many types of delayed transformation. When you stress a muscle beyond its capability, you may actually damage the muscle in the form of microtears. The muscle then needs time to heal and recover. In most cases, recovery from minor trauma realized during a hard workout can take 48-72 hours. If you over do it, you may get a case of DOMS, which could take a few days longer to fully recover. Its a balance act between stressing the muscle hard enough to force an adaption (growth) and stressing it to the point the any possible gains are offset by not being able to train properly due to DOMS. In general, you stress the muscle, allow the muslce to recover and heal, the muscle heals and adapts to this new level of stress, and growth (hypertrophy) and the associated gains in strength are manifest. Adaption is good.
At some point, however, the muscle has adapted enough so that it no longer forced to adapt further. This is stagnating or reaching a plateau. It is not overtraining. At this point, the stress needs to be altered by increasing the intensity, increasing the volume, increasing the frequency, or changing the exercise enough so that the muscle is now stressed enough to again begin the adaption process.
Another issue is the stress applied to the CNS. The CNS will malfunction if stressed to hard for too long. Recovery is needed. Even another, albeit related, issue is overtraining. All of these issues are the impetus for periodization of training.
When I use the term ‘delayed transformation’, I am talking about the realization of performance gains which are a result of training that took place weeks and months before. The training process itself can depress performance temporarily, but after days, or even seveal weeks, you begin to reap the benefits of training. This process is very complicated. I suggest you read up on supercompensation as well as the Dual Factor Theory.